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LEVOLAR:

Syndrome X

Appendix A- Selected Scientific References

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Grants Pass, OR 97526-2939

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• Food is digested in the stomach and intestines. Starches and Carbohydrates, which are long-chain sugar molecules, are broken down into simpler sugars which can be absorbed into the blood stream. This is where the majority of our dietary sugars come from. Also, lesser amounts are released from the fats we eat, also broken down into simpler sugars and absorbed into the blood stream.

• In response to this increase in blood sugar following a meal, the body produces a couple of enzymes, primarily Insulin and Hepatic Glucokinase, which act as triggers to allow the blood sugar to enter into the cells where it can be used for energy. These enzymes, particularly Insulin, fit receptors on the surface of the cells, and act to open a passage into the cell to allow the entry of the sugar. Like a key opening a lock.

• Any sugar in excess of what is needed at the time are converted by other enzymes into compounds which are stored as fat in the body. Later, these fat stores release the sugars back into the blood stream when there are no dietary sources of sugar for the body to utilize.

• The first way Levolar Forte helps is by altering the way the body digests the foods we eat. As pointed out earlier, most of our blood sugar comes from the starches and carbohydrates we eat. These are digested in the intestines by enzymes called alphaglucosidases. (alpha-glucoside is the technical term for starches. Alpha-glucoside-ases are the enzymes which digest these starches) Levolar Forte contains an extract from the root bark of a rare tree from India named Salacia oblonga. Salacia contains natural alphaglucosidase inhibitors which limit the digestion of starches in the gut. When the starches are not digested, then the sugars never enter the blood stream in the first place, but rather get passed through unchanged. This mechanism is the same as what is found in several oral anti-diabetic drugs such as Acarbose (Precose ?). Resaerch has indicated that the natural salacia is approximately 200 times more effective than acarbose.

There is another compound in Levolar Forte from the medicinal mushroom Grifola frondosa (Maitake) which is also an alphaglucosidase inhibitors. This one helps limit the amount of sugars released from the carbohydrates we eat. Together, these two alphaglucosidase inhibitors significantly reduce the amount of sugar that ever enters the blood stream from what we eat.

These two alphaglucosidase inhibitors effect blood sugar metabolism by limiting the absorption of dietarily derived glucose in the two hours after eating.

• The second mechanism comes from the well known medicinal mushroom Cordyceps sinensis. This mushroom contains compounds which effect blood sugar metabolism in two different ways:

a) Increases production of the enzyme Hepatic Glucokinase, which is a secondary mechanism by which the body metabolizes blood sugar.

b) Increases the sensitivity of the insulin receptors on the surface of the cells, so that any insulin present is more effectively utilized.

Cordyceps effects blood sugar metabolism throughout the day.

• The third mechanism is from a special extract of Cinnamon, containing a group of bioactive compounds called MHCP (Methyl-Hydroxy-Chalcone-Polymer). We derive this from two types of cinnamon, both Cinnamomum zylanicum (true Cinnamon from Madagascar) and Cinnamomum cassia (called Bastard Cinnamon from India). Levolar Forte is the only product on the market containing both these cinnamons.

The way cinnamon effects blood sugar metabolism is by limiting the release of stored sugar from fat. These MHCP compounds inhibit the enzymes which trigger the release of glucose between meals and while sleeping.

• The forth way in which Levolar Forte effects blood sugar metabolism is from the medicinal mushroom Coprinus Comatus. This mushroom has been shown to reduce excess blood sugar through mechanisms which are only partly understood, probably through increased excretion through the kidneys.

• The fifth way that Levolar Forte affects blood sugar is through the catalytic action of Chromium and Biotin. Both these are necessary for normal blood sugar metabolism and are even more important in people with type two diabetes. The type of chromium used in Levolar Forte is Chromium Polynicotinate, which is the most absorbable type. Each tablet of Levolar Forte contains 200 umg of elemental chromium, for a total of 800 umg per day. This is the optimum dose for blood sugar control.